Advanced Strategies for Mycotoxin Detoxi Cation in Animal Feed: Challenges, Risks, and Innovations
Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
2 Institute of Education and Agricultural Extension, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran
3 Veterinary Organization of Iran, Research Center for Zoonotic Diseases and Animal Products, Tehran, Iran
10.22084/avr.2025.31084.1008
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by molds, posing a serious threat to livestock health, feed quality, and food security. These harmful compounds originate from environmental stressors and improper feed storage, leading to immune suppression, metabolic disturbances, and reduced productivity in animals. Given their stability and resistance to degradation, mycotoxins persist in feed materials, necessitating effective detoxi cation strategies to mitigate their risks. Their widespread occurrence across diverse climatic conditions underscores the necessity of global surveillance and inter- vention measures. Additionally, understanding species-speci c sensitivity to different mycotoxins is critical for optimizing protective strategies in livestock. This review examines biological degradation, enzymatic neutralization, and advanced adsorbents, evaluating their efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness. Additionally, regulatory frameworks and innovative detection technologies are explored to ensure compliance with global feed safety standards. By synthesizing recent scienti c advancements, this study provides a comprehensive perspective on mycotoxin mitigation, offering insights into sustainable livestock management and improved nutritional outcomes. These strategies contribute to enhancing feed security and reducing mycotoxin-related risks, supporting efficient animal production systems worldwide.
Keywords
References
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[1] Adelere IA, Aboyeji DO, Auta HS, Barasarathi J,
Ahmed A. Mycotoxins and Global Food Safety. In-
Biotoxins in Food 2025 (pp. 96-134). CRC Press.
[2] Aquino S, Corr^ea B. A atoxins in pet foods: a
risk to special consumers. INTECH Open Access
Publisher; 2011 Oct 21.
[3] Awuchi CG, Ondari EN, Nwozo S, Odongo GA,
Eseoghene IJ, Twinomuhwezi H, Ogbonna CU,
Upadhyay AK, Adeleye AO, Okpala CO. My-
cotoxins toxicological mechanisms involving hu-
mans, livestock and their associated health con-
cerns: A review. Toxins. 2022 Feb 24; 14(3): 167.
[4] Chain, E. P. O. C. I. T. F., Schrenk, D., Big-
nami, M., Bodin, L., Chipman, J. K., Del Mazo,
J., GraslKraupp, B., Hoogenboom, L., Leblanc,
J. C. & Nebbia, C. S. 2024. Guidance for the as-
sessment of detoxi cation processes in feed. EFSA
Journal, 22, e8528.
[5] Danicke S, Saltzmann J, Liermann W, Glatter
M, Hther L, Kersten S, Zeyner A, Feige K,
Warnken T. Evaluation of inner exposure of horses
to zearalenone (Zen), deoxynivalenol (don) and
their metabolites in relation to colic and health-
related clinical-chemical traits. Toxins. 2021 Aug
23; 13(8): 588.
[6] Duringer JM, Roberts HL, Doupovec B, Faas J,
Estill CT, Jiang D, Schatzmayr D. Effects of de-
oxynivalenol and fumonisins fed in combination
on beef cattle: Health and performance indices.
World Mycotoxin Journal. 2020 Nov 15; 13(4):
533-44.
[7] El-Sayed RA, Jebur AB, Kang W, El-Demerdash
FM. An overview on the major mycotoxins in food
products: Characteristics, toxicity, and analysis.
Journal of Future Foods. 2022 Jun 1; 2(2): 91-
102.
[8] Elgioushy MM, Elgaml SA, El-Adl MM, Hegazy
AM, Hashish EA. A atoxicosis in cattle: clini-
cal ndings and biochemical alterations. Environ-
mental Science and Pollution Research. 2020 Oct;
27:35526-34.
[9] Fumagalli, F., Ottoboni, M., Pinotti, L. & Cheli,
F. 2021. Integrated mycotoxin management sys-
tem in the feed supply chain: Innovative ap-
proaches. Toxins, 13, 572.
[10] Jiang Y, Ogunade IM, Vyas D, Adesogan AT.
A atoxin in dairy cows: toxicity, occurrence in
feedstuffs and milk and dietary mitigation strate-
gies. Toxins. 2021 Apr 17; 13(4): 283.
[11] Liesener K, Curtui V, Dietrich R, M'artlbauer E,
Usleber E. Mycotoxins in horse feed. Mycotoxin
research. 2010 Feb; 26: 23-30.
[12] Liu M, Zhao L, Gong G, Zhang L, Shi L, Dai J,
Han Y, Wu Y, Khalil MM, Sun L. Invited review:
Remediation strategies for mycotoxin control in
feed. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnol-
ogy. 2022 Jan 28; 13(1): 19.
[13] World Health Organization. Tracking universal
health coverage: 2023 global monitoring report.
World Health Organization; 2023 Nov 7.
[14] Parent-Massin D. Haematotoxicity of tri-
chothecenes. Toxicology letters. 2004 Oct 10;
153(1): 75-81.
[15] Pinton P, Suman M, Buck N, Della ora L, de
Meester J, Stadler D, Rito E. Practical guidance
to mitigation of mycotoxins during food process-
ing.
[16] Saghir SA, Bancroft J. Molds and mycotoxins in-
doors I: Current issues and way forward. Archives
of Clinical Toxicology. 2024 Nov 25; 7(1): 1-7.
[17] Tegzes JH. Effects of mycotoxins in pets. Myco-
toxins: From eld to feed. 2025 Mar 11; 1: 191.
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